Teratogenesis and Developmental Toxicology

Teratogenesis is a process in which an embryo or foetus develops birth defects or malformations. The formation of a malformed organism is referred to as teratogenesis. Any agent that physically or chemically changes developmental processes and causes congenital abnormalities is referred to as a teratogen. The type and severity of abnormality produced by a teratogen depends on the nature of the teratogen and the developmental period at which it occurs. The exposure and effect of a teratogen are further influenced by biological parameters such as the organism's gestation process, developmental pathways, and life-cycle traits. Teratogens that influence wildlife species include mechanical disruptors, environmental variables, and chemical toxins.

Environmental insult causes developmental toxicity, which is defined as any reversible or irreversible structural or functional change that interferes with homeostasis, normal growth, differentiation, development, or behaviour (including drugs, lifestyle factors such as alcohol, diet, and environmental toxic chemicals or physical factors). It is the study of harmful effects on organism development caused by toxic chemicals before conception (by either parent), during prenatal development, or after birth until puberty. Teratogens are substances that cause developmental toxicity from the embryonic stage to birth. The impact of developmental toxicants varies depending on the chemical, amount, duration, and time of exposure.

• Reproductive Toxicology
• Male and Female Fertility
• Pathological Pathways and Mechanisms Underlying Fetal Programming
• Developing In Vitro Tests
• Male Mediated Developmental Toxicity