Pharmacoepidemiology and Ethnopharmacology

Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of drug use and effects in groups of people, and it provides an estimate of the likelihood of positive effects and the likelihood of negative effects in a population. It's been dubbed a "bridge science" because it encompasses both clinical pharmacology and epidemiology. Pharmacoepidemiology focuses on clinical patient outcomes from therapeutics by applying clinical epidemiology methods to better understand the determinants of beneficial and adverse drug effects, genetic variation's effects on drug effects, duration-response relationships, clinical effects of drug-drug interactions, and the effects of medication non-adherence. Pharmacoepidemiology can also include the implementation and assessment of population-based programmes to enhance medication use.

Ethnopharmacology is described as "the interdisciplinary scientific examination of biologically active substances that have traditionally been used in traditional medicine." As a result, the ethnopharmacological approach is founded on a body of knowledge that includes botany, chemistry, and pharmacology. Field observations, descriptions of the use and bioactivities of folk remedies, botanical identification of plant material, and phytochemical and pharmacological studies are all part of this process. Many researchers have been interested in traditional cures and their potential effects for a long time. In the development of modern treatment systems, drug discovery from natural sources in light of ethnopharmacological studies plays an essential role. Plants, animals, and minerals are examples of natural products that have long been used to treat a variety of diseases. Pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and pharmacological investigations of traditional medicinal plants have received a lot of interest recently. Furthermore, many preclinical and clinical research have looked into the biological activity potential of natural medicines, demonstrating a wide range of biological effects of plant-derived chemicals in various chemical groups. The vast majority of natural sources whose active chemicals are now used have an ethnomedical application.

• Ethnobotany
• Ethnochemistry
• Indigenous Medical Systems
• Molecular Pharmacoepidemiology
• Patient Safety
• Pharmacoeconomics
• Pharmacovigilance
• Plant-Derived Drugs
• Post-Marketing Surveillance
• Therapeutic Agents in Plant and Animal Kingdoms